The first phase was conducted in the participant or their relative’s homes.

Information about marital status, living circumstances, current and past occupation, education, literacy, and ethnic group was collected. Participation to religious ceremonies or other social activities was recorded, as well as their participation to children’s education. Indications on happiness of each participant was collected using one section of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Tobacco and alcohol use were investigated through self-report and was investigated through a food frequency questionnaire. Current physical activity was estimated using a threshold of at least 150 minutes of walking or cycling in the past week as well as self-reported diagnosis concerning stroke, diabetes, hypertension, and treatments for these conditions.

Cognitive and functional decline was assessed using the Community Screening Interview for Dementia (CSI-D) . All subjects who obtained a poor performance to the CSI-D were convened to a further clinical assessment with a neurologist (P2). A structured clinical mental state interview, the Geriatric Mental State version B3 (GMS-AGECAT) identifying depression, anxiety and psychosis. Stressful psychosocial factors were investigated as well as the presence of dependent personality disorders (DPD, DSM-IV Axis II) using the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire –4 plus (PDQ4+).

A physical assessment included the following measures: height, weight, waist, hip, and mid-upper arm circumferences, leg length, pulse rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, ankle-brachial index (ABI), and blood glucose level. Frailty was investigated through the SOF index (Study of Osteoporotic Fracture) and walking speed.

Blood samples were collected: total cholesterol and C-reactive protein were determined and DNA was extracted.

Age was ascertained by official documents.

This second phase was conducted between 3 and 14 weeks after P1, at the closest hospital or community health centre, by neurologists and for participants who obtained a poor performance to the CSI-D.

Careful description of daily living activities particularly leisure, other social activities, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (through the CA-DFI) in order to evaluate the dependence.

Neurological assessments were completed by additional cognitive tests: the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (oral version with image), Zazzo’s cancellation task and Isaac’s Set Test of verbal fluency.

Diagnosis of dementia was made according to the DSM-IV criteria and according to the clinical criteria proposed by the NINCDS-ADRDA (National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association) for AD. Diagnosis for other types of dementia (especially vascular dementia) was based on history of stroke and other clinical arguments. Petersen’s criteria were used for Mild Cognitive Impairment. Subjective memory complaints were recorded with the "Questionnaire de Plainte Cognitive" and the severity of dementia evaluated by the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale. Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia were investigated through the brief version of the NeuroPsychiatric Inventory (NPI).

The first phase was conducted in the participant or their relative’s homes.

Information was collected about marital status, living circumstances, current and past occupation, education, literacy, and ethnic group. Participation to religious ceremonies or other social activities was recorded, as well as their participation to children’s education. Indications on happiness of each participant were collected using one section of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Tobacco and alcohol use were investigated through self-report and was investigated through a food frequency questionnaire. Current physical activity was estimated using a threshold of at least 150 minutes of walking or cycling in the past week as well as a self-reported diagnosis concerning stroke, diabetes, hypertension, and treatments for these conditions.

The Community Screening Interview for Dementia (CSI-D) was performed with each participant, allowing the calculation of the COGSCORE (incorporating the CERAD animal naming verbal fluency) and the RELSCORE (providing evidence of cognitive and functional decline reported by an informant). All subjects who obtained a poor performance to the CSI-D were convened to a further clinical assessment with a neurologist (P2). A structured clinical mental state interview, the Geriatric Mental State version B3 (GMS-AGECAT) identifying depression, anxiety and psychosis. Stressful psychosocial factors were investigated as well as the presence of dependent personality disorders (DPD, DSM-IV Axis II) using the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire –4 plus (PDQ4+).

A physical assessment included the following measures: height, weight, waist, hip, and mid-upper arm circumferences, leg length, pulse rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, ankle-brachial index (ABI), and blood glucose level. Frailty was investigated through the SOF index (Study of Osteoporotic Fracture) and walking speed.

Blood samples were collected: total cholesterol and C-reactive protein were determined and DNA was extracted.

Age was ascertained by official documents or estimated through historical landmarks.

This second phase was conducted between 3 and 14 weeks after P1, at the closest hospital or community health centre, by neurologists and for participants who obtained a poor performance to the CSI-D.

Careful description of daily living activities particularly leisure, other social activities, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (through the CA-DFI) in order to evaluate the dependence.

Neurological assessments were completed by additional cognitive tests: the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (oral version with image), Zazzo’s cancellation task and Isaac’s Set Test of verbal fluency.

Diagnosis of dementia was made according to the DSM-IV criteria and according to the clinical criteria proposed by the NINCDS-ADRDA (National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association) for AD. Diagnosis for other types of dementia (especially vascular dementia) was based on history of stroke and other clinical arguments. Petersen’s criteria were used for Mild Cognitive Impairment. Subjective memory complaints were recorded with the "Questionnaire de Plainte Cognitive" and the severity of dementia evaluated by the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale. Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia were investigated through the brief version of the NeuroPsychiatric Inventory (NPI).

The first phase was conducted in the participant or their relative’s homes.

Information concerning marital status, living circumstances, current and past occupation, education, literacy, and ethnic group was collected. Participation to religious ceremonies or other social activities was recorded, as well as their participation to children’s education. Indications on happiness of each participant were collected using one section of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Tobacco and alcohol use were investigated through self-report and was investigated through a food frequency questionnaire. Current physical activity was estimated using a threshold of at least 150 minutes of walking or cycling in the past week as well as a self-reported diagnosis concerning stroke, diabetes, hypertension, and treatments for these conditions.

The Community Screening Interview for Dementia (CSI-D) was performed with each participant, allowing the calculation of the COGSCORE (incorporating the CERAD animal naming verbal fluency) and the RELSCORE (providing evidence of cognitive and functional decline reported by an informant). All subjects who obtained a poor performance to the CSI-D were convened to a further clinical assessment with a neurologist (P2). A structured clinical mental state interview, the Geriatric Mental State version B3 (GMS-AGECAT) identifying depression, anxiety and psychosis. Stressful psychosocial factors were investigated as well as the presence of dependent personality disorders (DPD, DSM-IV Axis II) using the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire –4 plus (PDQ4+). All subjects who obtained a poor performance to the CSI-D were convened to a further clinical assessment with a neurologist (P2).

A physical assessment included the following measures: height, weight, waist, hip, and mid-upper arm circumferences, leg length, pulse rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, ankle-brachial index (ABI), and blood glucose level. Frailty was investigated through the SOF index (Study of Osteoporotic Fracture) and walking speed.

Blood samples were collected: total cholesterol and C-reactive protein were determined and DNA was extracted.

Age was ascertained by official documents or estimated through historical landmarks.

This second phase was conducted between 3 and 14 weeks after P1, at the closest hospital or community health centre, by neurologists and for participants who obtained a poor performance to the CSI-D .

Careful description of daily living activities particularly leisure, other social activities, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (through the CA-DFI) in order to evaluate the dependence.

Neurological assessments were completed by additional cognitive tests: the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (oral version with image), Zazzo’s cancellation task and Isaac’s Set Test of verbal fluency.

Diagnosis of dementia was made according to the DSM-IV criteria and according to the clinical criteria proposed by the NINCDS-ADRDA (National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association) for AD. Diagnosis for other types of dementia (especially vascular dementia) was based on history of stroke and other clinical arguments. Petersen’s criteria were used for Mild Cognitive Impairment. Subjective memory complaints were recorded with the "Questionnaire de Plainte Cognitive" and the severity of dementia evaluated by the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale. Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia were investigated through the brief version of the NeuroPsychiatric Inventory (NPI).

At each follow-up, an oral interview using a standardized questionnaire was conducted in participant’s homes. Vital status was recorded, in case of death the date was recorded and a verbal autopsy was performed. History of illness before death and probable cause of death were sought.

Sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, education, residence) were recorded. Participants health were investigated: history of cardiovascular disease (stroke, heart disease, hypertension, diabetes) as well as tobacco and alcohol consumptions. Depressive symptomatology was collected through the Geriatric Depression Scale. Careful description of daily living activities particularly leisure, other social activities, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (through the CA-DFI) in order to evaluate the dependence.

Neurological assessments were completed by additional cognitive tests: the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (oral version with image), Zazzo’s cancellation task and Isaac’s Set Test of verbal fluency.

Diagnosis of dementia was made according to the DSM-IV criteria and according to the clinical criteria proposed by the NINCDS-ADRDA (National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association) for AD. Diagnosis for other types of dementia (especially vascular dementia) was based on history of stroke and other clinical arguments. Petersen’s criteria were used for Mild Cognitive Impairment. Subjective memory complaints were recorded with the "Questionnaire de Plainte Cognitive" and the severity of dementia evaluated by the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale. Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia were investigated through the brief version of the NeuroPsychiatric Inventory (NPI).

A brief physical examination included: blood pressure, ankle-brachial index, height, weight, and waist circumference.

At each follow-up, an oral interview using a standardized questionnaire was conducted in participant’s homes. Vital status was recorded, in case of death the date was recorded and a verbal autopsy was performed. History of illness before death and probable cause of death were sought.

Sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, education, residence) were recorded. Participants health were investigated: history of cardiovascular disease (stroke, heart disease, hypertension, diabetes) as well as tobacco and alcohol consumptions. Depressive symptomatology was collected through the Geriatric Depression Scale. Careful description of daily living activities particularly leisure, other social activities, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (through the CA-DFI) in order to evaluate the dependence.

Neurological assessments were completed by additional cognitive tests: the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (oral version with image), Zazzo’s cancellation task and Isaac’s Set Test of verbal fluency.

Diagnosis of dementia was made according to the DSM-IV criteria and according to the clinical criteria proposed by the NINCDS-ADRDA (National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association) for AD. Diagnosis for other types of dementia (especially vascular dementia) was based on history of stroke and other clinical arguments. Petersen’s criteria were used for Mild Cognitive Impairment. Subjective memory complaints were recorded with the "Questionnaire de Plainte Cognitive" and the severity of dementia evaluated by the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale. Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia were investigated through the brief version of the NeuroPsychiatric Inventory (NPI).

A brief physical examination included: blood pressure, ankle-brachial index, height, weight, and waist circumference.

The first phase was conducted in the participant or their relative’s homes.

Information about marital status, living circumstances, current and past occupation, education, literacy, and ethnic group were collected. Participation to religious ceremonies or other social activities was recorded, as well as their participation to children’s education. Indications on happiness of each participant were collected using one section of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Tobacco and alcohol use were investigated through self-report and was investigated through a food frequency questionnaire. Current physical activity was estimated using a threshold of at least 150 minutes of walking or cycling in the past week as well as a self-reported diagnosis concerning stroke, diabetes, hypertension, and treatments for these conditions.

Cognitive and functional decline was assessed using the Community Screening Interview for Dementia (CSI-D) . All subjects who obtained a poor performance to the CSI-D were convened to a further clinical assessment with a neurologist (P2). A structured clinical mental state interview, the Geriatric Mental State version B3 (GMS-AGECAT) identifying depression, anxiety and psychosis. Stressful psychosocial factors were investigated as well as the presence of dependent personality disorders (DPD, DSM-IV Axis II) using the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire –4 plus (PDQ4+).

A physical assessment included the following measures: height, weight, waist, hip, and mid-upper arm circumferences, leg length, pulse rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, ankle-brachial index (ABI), and blood glucose level. Frailty was investigated through the SOF index (Study of Osteoporotic Fracture) and walking speed.

Blood samples were collected: total cholesterol and C-reactive protein were determined and DNA was extracted.

All subjects who obtained a poor performance to the CSI-D were convened to a further clinical assessment with a neurologist (P2).

Age was ascertained by official documents or estimated through historical landmarks.

This second phase was conducted between 3 and 14 weeks after P1, at the closest hospital or community health centre, by neurologists and for participants who obtained a poor performance to the CSI-D .

Careful description of daily living activities particularly leisure, other social activities, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (through the CA-DFI) in order to evaluate the dependence.

Neurological assessments were completed by additional cognitive tests: the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (oral version with image), Zazzo’s cancellation task and Isaac’s Set Test of verbal fluency.

Diagnosis of dementia was made according to the DSM-IV criteria and according to the clinical criteria proposed by the NINCDS-ADRDA (National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association) for AD. Diagnosis for other types of dementia (especially vascular dementia) was based on history of stroke and other clinical arguments. Petersen’s criteria were used for Mild Cognitive Impairment. Subjective memory complaints were recorded with the "Questionnaire de Plainte Cognitive" and the severity of dementia evaluated by the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale. Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia were investigated through the brief version of the NeuroPsychiatric Inventory (NPI).

At each follow-up, an oral interview using a standardized questionnaire was conducted in participant’s homes. Vital status was recorded, in case of death the date was recorded and a verbal autopsy was performed. History of illness before death and probable cause of death were sought.

Sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, education, residence) were recorded. Participants health were investigated: history of cardiovascular disease (stroke, heart disease, hypertension, diabetes) as well as tobacco and alcohol consumptions. Depressive symptomatology was collected through the Geriatric Depression Scale. Careful description of daily living activities particularly leisure, other social activities, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (through the CA-DFI) in order to evaluate the dependence.

Neurological assessments were completed by additional cognitive tests: the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (oral version with image), Zazzo’s cancellation task and Isaac’s Set Test of verbal fluency.

Diagnosis of dementia was made according to the DSM-IV criteria and according to the clinical criteria proposed by the NINCDS-ADRDA (National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association) for AD. Diagnosis for other types of dementia (especially vascular dementia) was based on history of stroke and other clinical arguments. Petersen’s criteria were used for Mild Cognitive Impairment. Subjective memory complaints were recorded with the "Questionnaire de Plainte Cognitive" and the severity of dementia evaluated by the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale. Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia were investigated through the brief version of the NeuroPsychiatric Inventory (NPI).

A brief physical examination included: blood pressure, ankle-brachial index, height, weight, and waist circumference.

At each follow-up, an oral interview using a standardized questionnaire was conducted in participant’s homes. Vital status was recorded, in case of death the date was recorded and a verbal autopsy was performed. History of illness before death and probable cause of death were sought.

Sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, education, residence) were recorded. Participants health were investigated: history of cardiovascular disease (stroke, heart disease, hypertension, diabetes) as well as tobacco and alcohol consumptions. Depressive symptomatology was collected through the Geriatric Depression Scale. Careful description of daily living activities particularly leisure, other social activities, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (through the CA-DFI) in order to evaluate the dependence.

Neurological assessments were completed by additional cognitive tests: the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (oral version with image), Zazzo’s cancellation task and Isaac’s Set Test of verbal fluency.

Diagnosis of dementia was made according to the DSM-IV criteria and according to the clinical criteria proposed by the NINCDS-ADRDA (National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association) for AD. Diagnosis for other types of dementia (especially vascular dementia) was based on history of stroke and other clinical arguments. Petersen’s criteria were used for Mild Cognitive Impairment. Subjective memory complaints were recorded with the "Questionnaire de Plainte Cognitive" and the severity of dementia evaluated by the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale. Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia were investigated through the brief version of the NeuroPsychiatric Inventory (NPI).

A brief physical examination included: blood pressure, ankle-brachial index, height, weight, and waist circumference.

At each follow-up, an oral interview using a standardized questionnaire was conducted in participant’s homes. Vital status was recorded, in case of death the date was recorded and a verbal autopsy was performed. History of illness before death and probable cause of death were sought.

Sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, education, residence) were recorded. Participants health were investigated: history of cardiovascular disease (stroke, heart disease, hypertension, diabetes) as well as tobacco and alcohol consumptions. Depressive symptomatology was collected through the Geriatric Depression Scale. Careful description of daily living activities particularly leisure, other social activities, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (through the CA-DFI) in order to evaluate the dependence.

Neurological assessments were completed by additional cognitive tests: the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (oral version with image), Zazzo’s cancellation task and Isaac’s Set Test of verbal fluency.

Diagnosis of dementia was made according to the DSM-IV criteria and according to the clinical criteria proposed by the NINCDS-ADRDA (National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association) for AD. Diagnosis for other types of dementia (especially vascular dementia) was based on history of stroke and other clinical arguments. Petersen’s criteria were used for Mild Cognitive Impairment. Subjective memory complaints were recorded with the "Questionnaire de Plainte Cognitive" and the severity of dementia evaluated by the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale. Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia were investigated through the brief version of the NeuroPsychiatric Inventory (NPI).

A brief physical examination included: blood pressure, ankle-brachial index, height, weight, and waist circumference.