At baseline, clinical examination and cognitive testing were performed. Each participant was followed up every 12-15 months from baseline through 2008.

Information about participant's socio-demographic profile (age, gender, country of birth, education and marital status), migration history, lifestyle habits, depressive symptoms, acculturation, medication use and medical diagnoses were collected in a home interview. The cultural orientation was assessed using the Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans. Activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) were measured using standard scales.

To screen for dementia, two cognitive tests were used: the Modified Mini Mental Status Examination (3MSE) and the Spanish and English Verbal Learning Test (SEVLT). Scores on these 2 tests were adjusted for effects of age and education. All participants whose score met the adjusted criteria (3MSE<84 and Delayed recall trial (SEVLT)<7) were referred for a neuropsychological testing in the follow up.

Physical measures like anthropometry, blood pressure and ankle: arm blood pressure, physical performance tests (tandem stand and walk, multiple chair stands and a timed walk) were completed during the home visit.

Blood samples and buccal swabs were taken respectively for laboratory tests of of lipids, antioxidants, glucose and insulin, and for ApoE analysis.

Participants’ baseline addresses were geocoded to the 2000 US Census tracts, with participant data subsequently linked to census data. Factor analysis was used to construct a Neighborhood socioeconomic position (NSEP) score. Deaths were identified using online obituaries; review of the Social Security Death Index, vital statistics data files, and death certificates; and interviews with family members.

A three-stage process of screening was used to diagnose dementia: cognitive testing, a neuropsychological testing and imaging to determine etiology. Each participant was followed up every 12-15 months.

The first screening phase included two cognitive tests: the Modified Mini Mental Status Examination (3MSE) and the Spanish and English Verbal Learning Test (SEVLT). Scores on these 2 tests were adjusted for effects of age and education. All participants whose score met the adjusted criteria (3MSE<84 and Delayed recall trial (SEVLT)<7) were referred for neuropsychological testing.

For the neuropsychological testing phase, a test battery called Spanish English Neuropsychological Assessment Scales (SENAS) was used to measure cognitive functioning and to detect the presence/absence of cognitive impairment. It is composed of five scales that measure semantic memory (verbal and nonverbal), verbal attention span, verbal abstraction and visual-perceptual ability. The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) was also administered to all participants that underwent the SENAS testing. To diagnose dementia, standard diagnostic criteria from California Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Center (ADDTC for ischemic vascular) and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association were used. The diagnosis took into account scores from neuropsychological tests and IQCODE, history, mental status examination and neurological examination. The neurological examination was performed by a team of neurologists and a neuropsychologist assisted by nurses or medical assistant.

Physical measures like anthropometry, blood pressure and ankle: arm blood pressure, physical performance tests (tandem stand and walk, multiple chair stands and a timed walk) were completed during the home visit.

Blood samples and buccal swabs were taken respectively for laboratory tests of lipids, antioxidants, glucose and insulin, and for ApoE analysis.

A semi-annual phone call was made to obtain updates on medications, health events, and some sociodemographic risk factors.

A three-stage process of screening was used to diagnose dementia: cognitive testing, a neuropsychological testing and imaging to determine etiology. Each participant was followed up every 12-15 months.

The first screening phase included two cognitive tests: the Modified Mini Mental Status Examination (3MSE) and the Spanish and English Verbal Learning Test (SEVLT). Scores on these 2 tests were adjusted for effects of age and education. All participants whose score met the adjusted criteria (3MSE<84 and Delayed recall trial (SEVLT)<7) were referred for neuropsychological testing.

For the neuropsychological testing phase, a test battery called Spanish English Neuropsychological Assessment Scales (SENAS) was used to measure cognitive functioning and to detect the presence/absence of cognitive impairment. It is composed of five scales that measure semantic memory (verbal and nonverbal), verbal attention span, verbal abstraction and visual-perceptual ability. The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) was also administered to all participants that underwent the SENAS testing. To diagnose dementia, standard diagnostic criteria from California Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Center (ADDTC for ischemic vascular) and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association were used. The diagnosis took into account scores from neuropsychological test and IQCODE, history, mental status examination and neurological examination. The neurological examination was performed by a team of neurologists and a neuropsychologist assisted by nurses or medical assistant.

Physical measures like anthropometry, blood pressure and ankle: arm blood pressure, physical performance tests (tandem stand and walk, multiple chair stands and a timed walk) were completed during the home visit.

Blood samples and buccal swabs were taken respectively for laboratory tests of lipids, antioxidants, glucose and insulin, and for ApoE analysis.

A semi-annual phone call was made to obtain updates on medications, health events, and some sociodemographic risk factors.

Participants’ baseline addresses were geocoded to the 2000 US Census tracts, with participant data subsequently linked to census data. Factor analysis was used to construct a Neighborhood socioeconomic position (NSEP) score. Deaths were identified using online obituaries; review of the Social Security Death Index, vital statistics data files, and death certificates; and interviews with family members.

A three-stage process of screening was used to diagnose dementia: cognitive testing, a neuropsychological testing and imaging to determine etiology. Each participant was followed up every 12-15 months.

The first screening phase included two cognitive tests: the Modified Mini Mental Status Examination (3MSE) and the Spanish and English Verbal Learning Test (SEVLT). Scores on these 2 tests were adjusted for effects of age and education. All participants whose score met the adjusted criteria (3MSE<84 and Delayed recall trial (SEVLT)<7) were referred for neuropsychological testing.

For the neuropsychological testing phase, a test battery called Spanish English Neuropsychological Assessment Scales (SENAS) was used to measure cognitive functioning and to detect the presence/absence of cognitive impairment. It is composed of five scales that measure semantic memory (verbal and nonverbal), verbal attention span, verbal abstraction and visual-perceptual ability. The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) was also administered to all participants that underwent the SENAS testing. To diagnose dementia, standard diagnostic criteria from California Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Center (ADDTC for ischemic vascular) and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association were used. The diagnosis took into account scores from neuropsychological test and IQCODE, history, mental status examination and neurological examination. The neurological examination was performed by a team of neurologists and a neuropsychologist assisted by nurses or medical assistant. Those who were found demented were assigned to MRI and laboratory tests.

Physical measures like anthropometry, blood pressure and ankle: arm blood pressure, physical performance tests (tandem stand and walk, multiple chair stands and a timed walk) were completed during the home visit.

Blood samples and buccal swabs were taken respectively for laboratory tests of lipids, antioxidants, glucose and insulin, and for ApoE analysis.

A semi-annual phone call was made to obtain updates on medications, health events, and some sociodemographic risk factors.

A three-stage process of screening was used to diagnose dementia: cognitive testing, a neuropsychological testing and imaging to determine etiology. Each participant was followed up every 12-15 months.

The first screening phase included two cognitive tests: the Modified Mini Mental Status Examination (3MSE) and the Spanish and English Verbal Learning Test (SEVLT). Scores on these 2 tests were adjusted for effects of age and education. All participants whose score met the adjusted criteria (3MSE<84 and Delayed recall trial (SEVLT)<7) were referred for neuropsychological testing.

For the neuropsychological testing phase, a test battery called Spanish English Neuropsychological Assessment Scales (SENAS) was used to measure cognitive functioning and to detect the presence/absence of cognitive impairment. It is composed of five scales that measure semantic memory (verbal and nonverbal), verbal attention span, verbal abstraction and visual-perceptual ability. The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) was also administered to all participants that underwent the SENAS testing. To diagnose dementia, standard diagnostic criteria from California Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Center (ADDTC for ischemic vascular) and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association were used. The diagnosis took into account scores from neuropsychological test and IQCODE, history, mental status examination and neurological examination. The neurological examination was performed by a team of neurologists and a neuropsychologist assisted by nurses or medical assistant.

Physical measures like anthropometry, blood pressure and ankle: arm blood pressure, physical performance tests (tandem stand and walk, multiple chair stands and a timed walk) were completed during the home visit.

Blood samples and buccal swabs were taken respectively for laboratory tests of lipids, antioxidants, glucose and insulin, and for ApoE analysis.

A semi-annual phone call was made to obtain updates on medications, health events, and some sociodemographic risk factors.

A three-stage process of screening was used to diagnose dementia: cognitive testing, a neuropsychological testing and imaging to determine etiology. Each participant was followed up every 12-15 months.

The first screening phase included two cognitive tests: the Modified Mini Mental Status Examination (3MSE) and the Spanish and English Verbal Learning Test (SEVLT). Scores on these 2 tests were adjusted for effects of age and education. All participants whose score met the adjusted criteria (3MSE<84 and Delayed recall trial (SEVLT)<7) were referred for neuropsychological testing.

For the neuropsychological testing phase, a test battery called Spanish English Neuropsychological Assessment Scales (SENAS) was used to measure cognitive functioning and to detect the presence/absence of cognitive impairment. It is composed of five scales that measure semantic memory (verbal and nonverbal), verbal attention span, verbal abstraction and visual-perceptual ability. The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) was also administered to all participants that underwent the SENAS testing. To diagnose dementia, standard diagnostic criteria from California Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Center (ADDTC for ischemic vascular) and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association were used. The diagnosis took into account scores from neuropsychological test and IQCODE, history, mental status examination and neurological examination. The neurological examination was performed by a team of neurologists and a neuropsychologist assisted by nurses or medical assistant.

Physical measures like anthropometry, blood pressure and ankle: arm blood pressure, physical performance tests (tandem stand and walk, multiple chair stands and a timed walk) were completed during the home visit.

Blood samples and buccal swabs were taken respectively for laboratory tests of lipids, antioxidants, glucose and insulin, and for ApoE analysis.

A semi-annual phone call was made to obtain updates on medications, health events, and some sociodemographic risk factors.

A three-stage process of screening was used to diagnose dementia: cognitive testing, a neuropsychological testing and imaging to determine etiology. Each participant was followed up every 12-15 months.

The first screening phase included two cognitive tests: the Modified Mini Mental Status Examination (3MSE) and the Spanish and English Verbal Learning Test (SEVLT). Scores on these 2 tests were adjusted for effects of age and education. All participants whose score met the adjusted criteria (3MSE<84 and Delayed recall trial (SEVLT)<7) were referred for neuropsychological testing.

For the neuropsychological testing phase, a test battery called Spanish English Neuropsychological Assessment Scales (SENAS) was used to measure cognitive functioning and to detect the presence/absence of cognitive impairment. It is composed of five scales that measure semantic memory (verbal and nonverbal), verbal attention span, verbal abstraction and visual-perceptual ability. The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) was also administered to all participants that underwent the SENAS testing. To diagnose dementia, standard diagnostic criteria from California Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Center (ADDTC for ischemic vascular) and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association were used. The diagnosis took into account scores from neuropsychological test and IQCODE, history, mental status examination and neurological examination. The neurological examination was performed by a team of neurologists and a neuropsychologist assisted by nurses or medical assistant.

Physical measures like anthropometry, blood pressure and ankle: arm blood pressure, physical performance tests (tandem stand and walk, multiple chair stands and a timed walk) were completed during the home visit.

Blood samples and buccal swabs were taken respectively for laboratory tests of lipids, antioxidants, glucose and insulin, and for ApoE analysis.

A semi-annual phone call was made to obtain updates on medications, health events, and some sociodemographic risk factors.